Design Of A PV-Diesel Hybrid System

Plan Of A PV-Diesel Hybrid System Plan Of A PV-Diesel Hybrid System And Its Comparison With Grid Connected System In Pakistan 1. Task Background And Introduction Presentation The task regarding this postulation is to structure a PV Diesel half and half framework and to contrast it and as of now existed lattice associated framework. This framework is intended for a Jamia Masjid (Islamic focus) in Pakpattan, Pakistan. The specific site of the task is a province of Pakpattan which is in the south-west of the city Pakpattan. The Pakpattan city is arranged around 161 Km south west to Lahore. The atmosphere and climate information is practically same for Lahore and Pakpattan. Moreover it will be first task of its own tendency around there and it will assist with structuring the frameworks for the local locations by which a typical individual can get benefits and dispose of intensity disappointments. Pakistan is situated between scope 24 and 37 degrees North and longitude 62 and 75 degrees East. Pakistan has Afghanistan in the north-west, Iran on west visitor, India is on the east, China in the north and the Arabian Sea is on the south. Pakistan is ageographical focal point of the Asian Continent since it assembles a kind of extension between Far East and Middle East; additionally it has a mainland sort of atmosphere which can be portrayed by extraordinary varieties of temperature. For the most part the atmosphere of Pakistan is dry, implies high temperature in summer and low temperatures in winter. High elevations change the atmosphere in the freezing northern mountains which are secured with day off. There is little precipitation. There are a few contrasts exist particularly in different areas, for example the beach front line along Arabian Sea is for the most part under warm conditions, though the Karakoram mountain range and some different piles of far north are so cool, totally solidified and secured with snow that these are just obvious and open by some universal world-class climbers for a few months of May and June of every year. The variety of day by day temperature could be 11 0C to 17 0C however in winters the base mean temperature is around 4 0C in January. Pakistan has enormous recourses of vitality however sadly because of botch out of 170 million populace only 65-70% approaches power. Request is more than flexibly of vitality to private and mechanical part. As of now Pakistan is confronting 3000 MW of intensity stockpiling and it is normal that in year 2010 the interest will surpass flexibly by 5500 MW. The flow force and power request and flexibly hole shows that there is a major need to builds the current force age limit in Pakistan. Point Of The Thesis The principle point of the task is to clarify the structure period of a solitary home PV framework. The methodology and subtleties of the structure are given bit by bit. There are primary after points which should be satisfied by this theory. a) To experience and get the center information on the structuring procedure. b) To get acquainted with various devices utilized for planning and make determination between them. c) Beyond from scholarly information, become more acquainted with some genuine and down to earth parts of various PV frameworks and activities. The body and structure of the proposition is for the most part isolated into four stages. a) Calculation of the essential burden for this particular task with the assistance of PVSYST adaptation 4 b) Division of the heap to PV and Diesel Generator as indicated by limit conditions and structure boundaries. c) Economical and specialized look on as of now existed framework associated framework. d) Comparative investigation between this recently structure framework and right now existed network associated framework as far as financial aspects, accessibility and life time World Energy Situation There are various components which impact and assume a significant job in the utilization, request and accessibility of vitality, for instance the utilization by singular client and business is being expanded, regular developing populace and new government arrangements are a portion of these elements. However, the petroleum derivatives are modest. There are two parts of the petroleum products, first is their accessibility and second is those unsafe ecological effects which show up in the wake of utilizing and consuming of these non-renewable energy sources. It is similarly destructive for the current ages just as for people in the future. In any case, with the progression of time an ever increasing number of individuals and governments are getting mindfulness about these effects. The current vitality request projections can be seen from the raw numbers gave by World Energy Administration (EIA) â€Å"The absolute world vitality utilization increments from 472 quadrillion Btu in 2006 to 552 quadrillion Btu in 2015 and 678 quadrillion Btu in 2030â€a complete increment of 44 percent over the projection period† Sustainable power source Situation Of The World At the point when the primary Renewable Global Status Report was distributed in 2004, numerous markers have demonstrated sensational increases. Over the most recent four years from the finish of 2004 to the furthest limit of 2008, sun based photovoltaic limit expanded multiple times which is more than 16 gigawatts (GW). Wind power limit has been expanded 250 percent to 121 GW; the all out force limit from new sustainable recourses has been expanded 75 percent to 280 GW which remembers critical increases for little geothermal, hydro, and biomass power age. During a similar timeframe, sun based warming limit become twofold to 145 gigawatts-warm, while the biodiesel creation has been likewise expanded multiple times to 12 billion liters for each year and ethanol creation multiplied to 67 billion liters for every year. The yearly rate gain for the year 2008 was additionally astounding and progressively sensational. The development in Wind vitality was 29% and matrix associated sun powered PV by 70%. The limit of utility scale PV plants additionally expanded during this period. Sun powered heated water frameworks likewise developed by 15%. All around the globe the legislatures are changing the arrangements about the future vitality emergencies and vitality markets and strategy. In this race the United States of America turned into the pioneer and contributed $24 billion for new limit which is 20% of the absolute worldwide venture. The United States is likewise driving in including the absolute breeze vitality limit and furthermore outperformed Germany who was a breeze power pioneer for quite a while. Spain has included around 2.6 GW of sun powered PV, which is a full 50% of matrix associated establishments all around the worldwide and multiple times increment over Spains 2007 augmentations. China has multiplied its ability to deliver wind vitality and now positioned at fourth spot all around the globe. Another critical and significant achievement was that the European Union and the USA added greater ability to create power from inexhaustible recourses than from traditional vitality sources (as gas, oil, coal and atomic) and it occurred just because. The ventures of Renewable vitality blasted for the most part during 2008. Worldwide sunlight based PV creation was expanded by 90% to 6.9 GW in 2008. Vitality Profile Of Pakistan The vitality profile of Pakistan is deficient and there are in every case deficits of vitality (power) particularly during summer. Pakistan needs around 14,000 to 15,000 MW power ordinarily to meet all private and modern requests. Be that as it may, Pakistan can deliver around 11,500 MW, so it implies there is around 3000 MW to 4000 MW deficiency. This setback was experienced widely and on its pinnacle this year and influencing industry, trade and day by day life. During this year the deficiency for power in country zones was around 12 to 16 hours and in urban regions it was around 8 to 12 hours. The explanations behind this insufficiency are restricted petroleum product assets, frail economy and fumble of the accessible vitality sources. There are some business wellsprings of vitality accessible in Pakistan, they are: Hydro vitality; Atomic vitality; Oil and gas; Ordinary powers like rural squanders, creature fertilizer and wood fuel. Here, it is a diagram of essential vitality supplies in Pakistan in MTOE (TOE: ton of oil proportionate. It is a vitality unit which is equivalent to the vitality of consuming of 1 ton of unrefined petroleum which is around 42 GJ) From fig 1.3 unmistakably vitality flexibly of Pakistan is profoundly subject to Oil and Gas. Both Oil and Gas contribute over 79% of absolute essential vitality provided. Different wellsprings of vitality like hydro-power, coal, atomic power and imported power contribute about 21% of the all out offer. As vitality is basic for a wide range of creation forms. Pakistan has been developing in rural and modern segment during a decade ago and that is the reason vitality request is being expanded. As populace and industry is developing, the day by day request will increment up to 20,000 MW in 2010. Pakistan meets around 75% of its vitality needs by oil, gas and hydro power creation. Flammable gas has assumed a significant job to meet the vitality needs as of late. Be that as it may, Pakistan needs to extend its vitality asset on perpetual bases. So as to conquer this vitality deficiency, Pakistan needs to grow and build up its indigenous vitality assets, for example, hydropower, wind and sun powered vitality. Pakistan is one of the most noteworthy sun powered protection territories of the world. Presently we will quickly talk about the principle vitality sources in Pakistan. Petroleum gas After the autonomy of Pakistan in 1952 Sui petroleum gas field assets in Baluchistan were found first time. The creation at Sui began in 1955 and was on its top in 1985. It was the most gainful gas field of Pakistan in mid 1990s. In FY 1993 it was bookkeeping 46% of creation. After that the second biggest gas field was found which is additionally situated in Baluchistan at Mari, which was contributing 20% of all creation. All out 25 gas fields were completely operational in FY 1993. The estimation of recoverable flammable gas saves were evaluated around 662.0 billion cubic meters, with an extraction rate around 14.0 billion cubic meters. So as to fulfill the expanding need of vitality and for future arranging, endeavors from government are being made to build the creation of

Sobeit and So Be It

Sobeit as Be It Sobeit as Be It Sobeit as Be It By Maeve Maddox Jean composes: Would you be able to do a component on so be it and sobeit? Â I thought without a doubt it was constantly composed as three words until a conversation on a court correspondents message barricade came about an editor saying that it ought to be a single word. Sobeit is a word as be it is a statement. Nor is highly utilized in normal discussion or composing, however legitimate language will in general be on the good old side. The condition so be it is a subjunctive articulation significance let it be so. Model: Aladdin: I need a colossal royal residence with a thousand workers and a pool. Genie: So be it! Sobeit can be utilized as combination or as a thing. As a combination sobeit implies gave that, if. Model: I will complete this 800-page novel, sobeit I live long enough. Sobeit can likewise be utilized as a thing, as in this model from the OED: Thou answerest me an houre after..like to a Sexton with a Sobeit or Amen. Regardless of whether to spell it as single word or work it out as three words relies on the specific situation. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary class, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:Farther versus FurtherTry to versus Attempt and30 Nautical Expressions

Selection Day 2

Selection Day 2 With a difficult day and a half of selection behind me, Im looking forward to watching The Incredibles tonight and not thinking about Admissions (and taking off the tie that I wore today!). In a nutshell, heres how selection works. Weve spent a month reading and crafting great summaries of your applications, and now we take those summaries and work from them. We do selection in subcommittees, usually of three people Ive been lucky enough to work so far with Stu, Quinton, Salvador (the admissions officer formerly known as Juan), and Amy, making for great subcommittee dynamics. Each subcommittee will take each case in random order, read aloud the summary, check out the coursework and grades, and then have a discussion about that applicant. Things are by consensus we have everyone on the subcommittee agree what the right action (admit, defer, deny) is. Because we have a clear idea of what we are looking for in MIT students (if youve come to an information session or read MyMIT, you know what I mean), we can usually reach consensus after a bit of discussion without needing to resort to a formal vote. In the very rare occasion where we cant reach consensus, we put the appl ication back in the stack for another subcommittee to decide on. Then we take the next case and repeat the above, iterated over all of the different subcommittees, which are intentionally randomized each half day or so. We will definitely continue working tomorrow and probably Monday, too, though its too early to tell. After we finish with selection, theres still a lot of administrative stuff to do before we can put the decision letters in the mail. We mail all of the letters together in the same batch; we hope to mail by Saturday, though, again, its too early to know exactly when well be done and ready to mail. And again, you will have to wait to get your letter in the mail to find out your decision, as it will not be online, in email, or available on the phone. Im happy to report that this years early applicants are excellent, and its been very difficult choosing which students to admit since everyone is so talented. Thank you for your hard work on your applications; I promise you were responding in kind with hard work on the selection process.

Analysis Of Songs Of Rebellion - 1682 Words

Matthew Caruso Beverly Mitchell Arts Culture II April 6, 2017 Songs of Rebellion Smashing anything from pumpkins to instruments, Rock Roll is a form of art with flare. Generations of people from the 50’s to modern day have enjoyed a little bit of rebellion in their life. But while the rebels continue to rage against the machine of society, that society is constantly changing. Different issues become highlighted and more relevant as others fall to the wayside, but Rock music does not stand by jovially. With constant adapting and innovating, Rock Roll always finds something to scream about. The history of Rock begins around the 50’s, right off the cusp of World War II. The oppressed youths of America wanted something to represent†¦show more content†¦By the end of the decade, however Rock was taken over by big business, and what used to be a provocative sound turned into songs about teen-appropriate issues such as school, parents, young love, etc. By the end of the 50’s and beginning of the 60’s rock had som ewhat died down and become tamer. many thought it was dead until the mid 60’s. Rock Roll had a resurgence, known as â€Å"The British Invasion†. While things had settled down in the US, England had been inspired. Groups from Britain like the Rolling Stones and the Beatles brought a fresh style, infusing British Rhythm and Blues and Jazz into what they played. This revival propelled the genre down two different paths. Many groups came onto the scene and continued to make more of the same teen-appropriate pop-style music. others pushed boundaries in an industry heavily influenced by drugs, spawning the phrase, â€Å"Sex, Drugs, and Rock Roll†. The Beatles were at the center of it all, experimenting with different sounds and instruments. Their experimentations became part of a larger movement, known as psychedelic rock, which included the likes of Jimi Hendrix and Pink Floyd. Pink Floyd was one of the first bands to use laser lights in their concerts. Whatâ€℠¢s more psychedelic than that? Hendrix even took it a step further, creating what many call Acid Rock. Additionally, the Beatles were not just trendsetters with their music, but also with fashion, sporting hair that was abnormally long for men at theShow MoreRelatedA Reflection Of A Protest Song I Have Chosen J Coles1406 Words   |  6 PagesFor this critical reflection of a protest song I have chosen J Coles â€Å"Be Free†. Through his music and lyrics, J Cole is constantly pushing a political agenda, questioning society and its norms as well as putting a focus on current and past events. There are multiple reasons why I chose this song and genre. Since the Watts riots in California there has not been a large-scale African American rights protest. Blues started off the musical African American protest wave and it seemed to end with theRead MoreImpact of Music on Culture Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesThe musical meaning of the songs of the era is vital to an understandin g of the social implications of the music. On a primitive level, the lyrics of a song give some insight into its musical meaning. Often, however, the lyrics paint an incomplete picture of a song’s true social significance. By studying other factors, such as the instruments, the melody, and the artists themselves, one can gain much more insight into a song’s musical meaning. Through this analysis, common themes of sex, drugsRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Animal Farm By George Orwell1405 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary analysis of Animal Farm The rebellion was to escape from people and their cruel ways, but can they escape the death-grip of their own kind? The animals of animal farms are mistreated and have no rights. Mr and Mrs. Jones were the owners of Manor Farm, the human oppressors, and authoritarians of the animals. The animals rebel against the Jones and take over the farm. They create a utopian society for themselves, but the utopia quickly turns into a dystopia when the pigs take control ofRead MoreMovie Analysis : Sleigh Bells V Demi Lovato Essay1564 Words   |  7 PagesLovato, et al. (2016), was instigated when the band known as Sleigh Bells tweeted in November 2015 that Demi Lovato’s new song, â€Å"Stars†, had stolen content from two of their songs â€Å"Infinity Guitars† and â€Å"Riot Rhythm†(Mcir.usc.edu InPlay). Demi Lovato and her team quickly countered this claim, arguing that none of Sleigh Bells’ songs had been used during the making of their new song. The tweet , in the following August, turned into a lawsuit from Sleigh Bells, against Demi, for copyright infringementRead More Rock n Roll 20th Century Culture Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pagesand Dylan defined the emotions of a generation and, in the last decade, it as even been acknowledged by members of the establishment which it hoped to change as a major influence in the country. In order to understand how rock went from a sign of rebellion to a cultural icon, it is necessary to understand where it came from. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;According to Albert Murray, the African-American musical tradition is â€Å"fundamentally stoical yet affirmative in spirit† (Star 3). Through the mediumRead MoreThe Tyger By William Blake Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican poet, William Blake. This poem has many interpretation, in a way you could say it is a biblical as well as a symbolic poem, as ‘The Tyger’ is actually the contrast to one of Blake s other poem, The Lamb, both poems are from the book of â€Å"Songs of Innocence and Experience†. If you are familiar with the Christian Bible, it states â€Å"Jesus is the Lamb of God.† The Tyger is comprised of unanswered questions as to who could have created a terrifying creature, a tiger. As if the lamb representedRead MoreShort Analyses of Some of the Best American Literature872 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿American Literature in Context Introduction The following analysis of these works of literature will focus on to what extents these works are representative of the time in which they were write. This refers to the social as well as the artistic or aesthetic context in which they were written. The paper will attempt to show how these works reflect the age and concerns in which they were written. 1. Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Yellow Wallpaper. This story which was first published in 1892Read MoreRace As A System Of White Supremacy936 Words   |  4 Pagessuperiority. However, while the two concepts are indeed intrinsically linked, the order of the relationship is often misunderstood. One did not beget the other; in fact, the two concepts arose simultaneously in the late 1600s, following Bacon’s Rebellion. If one examines the history of race in America, one will find that our idea of race has its roots in the ruthless capitalist pragmatism of the elite, with white supremacy simply serving as an effective means to an end. In Colonial Virginia, theRead MoreThe Entertainment of the Media over the Ages1020 Words   |  4 Pageslistener. It’s no debate that the music we listen to today is most definitely not the music the generation our grandparents or even our parents listened to. The song â€Å"American Pie† by Don McLean, which released in 1971, is one of the most analyzed songs in American pop culture history (Shuck). Standing as a story all on its own, a simple analysis of the lyrics reveals allusions and metaphors in abundance. Analyzing these allusions and metaphors exposes many rhetorical devices used by McLean. A culturalRead More African Diaspora Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy. The evidence from South Carolina, Louisiana and Surinam supports the second and third arguments much more than the first. The third argument, that of cultural transformation, is the argument I find to be most valid. John Thorntons analysis of this issue is extremely helpful. He addresses the no connections arguments in chapters 6, 7 and 8. He outlines the claims made by scholars Franklin Frazier, Stanley Elkins, Sidney Mintz and Richard Price. Frazier and Mintz believe that

Early Puberty Puberty, Consumerism / Complex Shift, Peer...

Thesis A major concern that has crept up on our nation, is children maturing at a rapid pace. Parents like me, are able to experience this it first-hand. In order to understand why our children are blossoming at an accelerated rate, we must examine the sources of the issue. In the following I will expand on four main reasons that I believe are the reasons for children developing earlier; early puberty, consumerism/complex shift, peer pressure, and technology. Early Puberty Early puberty has been observed more in young ladies than in young gentlemen. The typical age of a girl beginning puberty has declined. In the early 1900s girl started their periods between the ages of fourteen and fifteen. A little over one hundred years later,†¦show more content†¦When girls go through puberty their bodies transform, both inside and out. Girls tend to gain weight, a bust, begin to have body odor, body hair, and start the menstrual cycle. These girls are going through these changes before everyone else their age and are subjected to ridicule. Insults about being overweight, or having a large chest can really harm a young girls mental image of herself. Getting questioned about smelling bad, or the reason they have feminine hygiene products in their locker, can be tough questions for a tween to face on their own. There is this pressure to be the like as everyone else, and when they do not fit the status quo, they can get made a spectacle. Technology Technological advances have placed technology into the hands of our children at an unexpectedly young age. For some reasons, such as education, technology can be a good thing. those children who use technology for this purpose can have incredible advantages over their peers. These toys, games and television shows are meant to have adult supervision and age restrictions. However, there are two sides to every coin, and by allowing children unlimited time with technology is where it can cause issues. For example, your eleven-year-old child has a television in their bedroom. You do not give them any instructions as to what they are permitted to

The History of Schizophrenia Free Essays

string(71) " schizophrenia an order of magnitude higher than the general populace\." The History of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder with symptoms of emotional instability, detachment from reality, and withdrawal into the self. The word â€Å"Schizophrenia† is less than 100 years old. However the disease was first identified as a discrete mental illness by Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Schizophrenia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Emile Kraepelin in the 1887 and the illness itself is generally believed to have accompanied mankind throughout its history. There are documents that identify Schizophrenia can be traced to the old Pharaonic Egypt, as far back as the second millennium before Christ. Depression, dementia, as well as thought disturbances that are typical in schizophrenia are described in detail in the Book of Hearts. The Heart and the mind seem to have been synonymous in ancient Egypt. The physical illnesses were regarded as symptoms of the heart and the uterus and originating from the blood vessels or from purulence, fecal matter, a poison or demons. Some recent study into the ancient Greek and Roman literature showed that although the general population probably had an awareness of psychotic disorders, there was no condition that would meet the modern diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia in these societies. At one point in history, all people who were considered â€Å"abnormal,† whether due to mental illness, mental retardation, or physical deformities, were largely treated the same. Early theories supposed that mental disorders were caused by evil possession of the body, and the appropriate treatment was then exorcising these demons, through various means, ranging from innocuous treatments, such as exposing the patient to certain types of music, to dangerous and sometimes deadly means, such as releasing the evil spirits by drilling holes in the patient’s skull. One of the first to classify the mental disorders into different categories was the German physician, Dr. Emile Kraepelin. He used the term â€Å"dementia praecox† for individuals who had symptoms that we now associate with schizophrenia. The nonspecific concept of madness has been around for many thousands of years and schizophrenia was only classified as a distinct mental disorder by Kraepelin in 1887. He was the first to make a distinction in the psychotic disorders between what he called dementia praecox and manic depression. Kraepelin believed that dementia praecox was primarily a disease of the brain, and particularly a form of dementia. Kraepelin named the disorder ‘dementia praecox’ (early dementia) to distinguish it from other forms of dementia (such as Alzheimer’s disease) which typically occur late in life. He used this term because his studies focused on young adults with dementia. The Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler, coined the term, â€Å"schizophrenia† in 1911. He was also the first to describe the symptoms as â€Å"positive† or â€Å"negative. † Bleuler changed the name to schizophrenia as it was obvious that Krapelin’s name was misleading as the illness was not a dementia (it did not always lead to mental deterioration) and could sometimes occur late as well as early in life. The word â€Å"schizophrenia† comes from the Greek roots schizo (split) and phrene (mind) to describe the fragmented thinking of people with the disorder. His term was not meant to convey the idea of split or multiple personality, a common misunderstanding by the public at large. Since Bleuler’s time, the definition of schizophrenia has continued to change, as scientists attempt to more accurately delineate the different types of mental diseases. Without knowing the exact causes of these diseases, scientists can only base their classifications on the observation that some symptoms tend to occur together. Both Bleuler and Kraepelin subdivided schizophrenia into categories, based on prominent symptoms and prognoses. Over the years, those working in this field have continued to attempt to classify types of schizophrenia. Five types were delineated in the DSM-III: disorganized, catatonic, paranoid, residual, and undifferentiated. The first three categories were originally proposed by Kraepelin. These classifications, while still employed in DSM-IV, have not shown to be helpful in predicting outcome of the disorder, and the types are not reliably diagnosed. Many researchers are using other systems to classify types of the disorder, based on the preponderance of â€Å"positive† verses â€Å"negative† symptoms, the progression of the disorder in terms of type and severity of symptoms over time, and the co-occurrence of other mental disorders and syndromes. It is hoped that differentiating types of schizophrenia based on clinical symptoms will help to determine different etiologies or causes of the disorder. The evidence that schizophrenia is a biologically-based disease of the brain has accumulated rapidly during the past two decades. Recently this evidence has been also been supported with dynamic brain imaging systems that show very precisely the wave of tissue destruction that takes place in the brain that is suffering from schizophrenia. The 1800’s saw a slow progression towards an eventual schizophrenia definition. From the 1800’s on, schizophrenia history begins to gain ground as researchers began to understand the nature of the disease: Although the nineteenth century saw great strides towards a schizophrenic definition, â€Å"lunatic asylums† of the time were often little more than human zoos. For a fee, well to do ladies and gentlemen could tour the asylums, viewing the patients. No doubt the psychotic behavior of schizophrenics made them popular â€Å"attractions† during these degrading tours. Schizophrenia in Recent Times The start of the twentieth century saw, for the first time in schizophrenia history, a practical schizophrenia definition and the birth of effective treatments. In 1911 Eugene Beuler first used the term schizophrenia, and his schizophrenia definition includes symptoms such as blunted emotions, disordered thoughts, and loss of awareness. Then in 1957, Kurt Schneider created the schizophrenic definition still in use today, and is the first person in the long history of schizophrenia to list the currently accepted features of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia definitely has a very significant genetic component. Those who have a third degree relative with schizophrenia are twice as likely to develop schizophrenia as those in the general population. Those with a second degree relative have a several-fold higher incidence of schizophrenia than the general population, and first degree relatives have an incidence of schizophrenia an order of magnitude higher than the general populace. You read "The History of Schizophrenia" in category "Papers" The History of Schizophrenia Treatment in the Twentieth Century Schizophrenia history abounds in unusual treatments and bizarre â€Å"cures. † Indeed, the twentieth century stands apart from the rest of schizophrenia history because it saw the first effective schizophrenia treatment: the first antipsychotic drug was created in 1952. The twentieth century also saw some controversial schizophrenia â€Å"cures. † Portuguese doctor, Egus Moniz, developed the lobotomy in the 1930s. Moniz won a Nobel Peace prize for his work in 1949. The lobotomy procedure cut the nerve fibers from the frontal lobe to the interior of the brain, where emotions are generated. Patients were less agitated and aggressive after a lobotomy. Of course, patients were also left indifferent and with blunted emotions, but this didn’t squelch the lobotomy’s popularity as a schizophrenia treatment. Patients could be released from hospitals after lobotomies, saving both hospitals and family members money. Lobotomy procedures varied. American neurologist John Freeman created perhaps the most bizarre procedure. Freeman traveled America performing lobotomies for the benefit of audiences comprised of journalists and medical professionals: to call him a medical showman isn’t stretching the truth much. Freeman’s lobotomies were simple, quick, and medically preposterous. With the patient under anesthesia, Freeman placed an ice pick (yes, you read that correctly) into an area just above the eyeball. Using a hammer, he drove the ice pick into the patient’s brain to a depth of approximately one inch. Lobotomies fell into disfavor as people noticed patients often died from lobotomy-induced epilepsy or surgical infections. Severe brain damage was also shown in many cases (not that it should have required a study to prove an ice pick to the brain caused extensive damage). Still, between the 1940s and the 1950s over 40,000 Americans were lobotomized. Shock therapy was developed at the same time lobotomies were darkening schizophrenia history. Approaches to shock therapy varied. Some doctors used insulin injections; others preferred Metrazol or electricity. Insulin often left patients in comas. Both Metrazol and electricity caused seizures, and electric shock therapy often caused memory loss. Surprisingly, electroconvulsive therapy is still used to treat some cases of schizophrenia and severe depression. Current techniques are supposed to be much safer, but many medical professionals consider electroconvulsive therapy very dangerous, and something that should only be used as a last resort. Since schizophrenia may not be a single condition and its causes are not yet known, current treatment methods are based on both clinical research and experience. These approaches are chosen on the basis of their ability to reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia and to lessen the chances that symptoms will return. Medications For Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic medications have been available since the mid-1950s. They have greatly improved the outlook for individual patients. These medications reduce the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia and usually allow the patient to function more effectively and appropriately. Antipsychotic drugs are the best treatment now available, but they do not â€Å"cure† schizophrenia or ensure that there will be no further psychotic episodes. The choice and dosage of medication can be made only by a qualified physician who is well trained in the medical treatment of mental disorders. The dosage of medication is individualized for each patient, since people may vary a great deal in the amount of drug needed to reduce symptoms without producing troublesome side effects. The large majority of people with schizophrenia show substantial improvement when treated with antipsychotic drugs. Some patients, however, are not helped very much by the medications and a few do not seem to need them. No frames is difficult to predict which patients will fall into these two groups and to distinguish them from the large majority of patients who do benefit from treatment with antipsychotic drugs. A number of new ntipsychotic drugs (the so-called â€Å"atypical antipsychotics†) have been introduced since 1990. The first of these, clozapine (Clozaril), has been shown to be more effective than other antipsychotics, although the possibility of severe side effects – in particular, a condition called agranulocytosis (loss of the white blood cells that fight infection) â€⠀ requires that patients be monitored with blood tests every one or two weeks. Even newer antipsychotic drugs, such as risperidone (Risperdal) and olanzapine (Zyprexa), are safer than the older drugs or clozapine, and they also may be better tolerated. They may or may not treat the illness as well as clozapine, however. Several additional antipsychotics are currently under development. Antipsychotic drugs are often very effective in treating certain symptoms of schizophrenia, particularly hallucinations and delusions; unfortunately, the drugs may not be as helpful with other symptoms, such as reduced motivation and emotional expressiveness. Indeed, the older antipsychotics (which also went by the name of â€Å"neuroleptics†), medicines like haloperidol (Haldol) or chlorpromazine (Thorazine), may even produce side effects that resemble the more difficult to treat symptoms. Often, lowering the dose or switching to a different medicine may reduce these side effects; the newer medicines, including olanzapine (Zyprexa), quetiapine (Seroquel), and risperidone (Risperdal), appear less likely to have this problem. Patients and families sometimes become worried about the antipsychotic medications used to treat schizophrenia. In addition to concern about side effects, they may worry that such drugs could lead to addiction. However, antipsychotic medications do not produce a â€Å"high† (euphoria) or addictive behavior in people who take them. Another misconception about antipsychotic drugs is that they act as a kind of mind control, or a â€Å"chemical straitjacket. † Antipsychotic drugs used at the proper dosage does not â€Å"knock out† people or take away their free will. While these medications can be sedating, and while this effect can be useful when treatment is initiated particularly if an individual is quite agitated, the utility of the drugs is not due to sedation but to their ability to diminish the hallucinations, agitation, confusion, and delusions of a psychotic episode. Thus, antipsychotic medications should eventually help an individual with schizophrenia to deal with the world more rationally. Treatment of schizophrenia depends upon a life-long regimen of both drug and psychosocial, support therapies. While the medication helps control the psychosis associated with schizophrenia (e. g. , the delusions and hallucinations), it cannot help the person find a job, learn to be effective in social relationships, increase the individual’s coping skills, and help them learn to communicate and work well with others. Poverty, homelessness, and unemployment are often associated with this disorder, but they don’t have to be. If the individual finds appropriate treatment and sticks with it, a person with schizophrenia can lead a happy and successful life. But the initial recovery from the first symptoms of schizophrenia can be an extremely lonely experience. Individuals coping with the onset of schizophrenia for the first time in their lives require all the support that their families, friends, and communities can provide. ———————– 1 How to cite The History of Schizophrenia, Papers

Strategic Management of Woolworths Limited Free-Sample-Myassignment

Question: Identify a Corporation with Product or Service Portfolios that Span Multiple Business Units. Answer: Introduction Every business encompasses some risks like external and internal factors that can affect any organisation severely. To avoid maximum risks, a company should incorporate strategic management in its business that helps it in finding, analysing and determining the best possible opportunities in the market (Davies and Ellison, 2003). It depicts and controls the macro and micro environment of the company consistently that affects an organisation positively as well as negatively. In this report, we are analysing the strategic business management of Woolworths Limited which is one of the largest companies in Australia. The company deals in many segments and expanded its stores in New Zealand and Africa (Woolworths Group, 2016). In this study, we will be discussing various other business units of the company with its product and service portfolios. Along with this, revenue centre of business units and external environment of the company will be detailed. Lastly, for improvising its market condition, suggestions will be given to illustrate its market opportunities profoundly. Exploration of Corporation Corporation is any unit or organisation that works or engaged in some productive activity to achieve a definite goal and objective. It is formed with group of people or entities that helps in assembling the resources for the success of the organisation (Lamb, et al. 2011). Woolworths is one of the top positioned and largest companies of Australia in supermarket and grocery retailer industry. Its headquarter is in New South Wales, Australia established in 1924 and has captured the New Zealand and African market conveniently (Kotler, et al., 2015). Its largest segment is food and retailing department in Australia that generates the highest revenue among its other units. Every business has a unique corporate identity due to different logo, slogan, massage, vision or aim that differentiates its image from its other competitors. Corporate identity is essential to ensure the customers remembrance for a fixed identified product or brand (Janet, et. al., 2015). Along with this, it ensures the goodwill of the company all around the world in front of its competitors. Besides that, Woolworths gives multi-option retailing choices to its customers and committed to provide excellent services in low prices and high quality. It has a single logo for all of its stores in Australia (Woolworths Group, 2016). It operates online and offline services in the Australian market with profound knowledge of local customers requirements. The company has a vision ' to deliver to customers the right shopping experience each and every time'. The company also believes in customisation of the products to reach its targeted audience and possess various its own brands like Select, E ssential, Macro (Woolworths Group, 2016). However, the company covers all age group products, but focuses to gives better options for high income earners and working class families. Product portfolio is the options or diversified product lines of the organisation which are offered of their customers (Baack, et al. 2013). In addition to this, services portfolio is the classification and collection of financial or non-financial services involving product sales delivered to its respective consumer (Knox, 2015). Woolworths has the largest geographical coverage in Australia and offers enormous and different product and services to its customers (Woolworths Group, 2016). It deals in major brands like Woolworths/Safeway Supermarket, Big W, Dan Murphy's, Dick Smith Electronics, BWS, Smith Powerhouse and Tandy (Woolworths Group, 2016). Mainly, Woolworths has 7 department divisions and offers its product/service in Supermarkets, food retailing, petrol, liquor, general merchandise, home improvement and hotel and gambling. Investigation on Business Units Strategic Business Units (SBU's) are the diversified businesses owned by the same organisation delivering various other products and services in the market. SBU's are the entities which are operated separately financially as well as functionally from the group of the company (Baack, et al. 2013). Strategic Business Units have its own share of profits and losses and has own different brand for its products sale. Market condition highly affects the strategic business units of a company but administered by the associated management by adopting the changes and analysing the threats rightly. These Units has their own vision, mission and set of objects. They are independent in nature so that businesses can be carried out with controlled efficiently and flexibly administered too (Knox, 2015). Identification of business unit Woolworths has various business diversifications and deals in various products. In supermarkets and food retailing sector, Woolworths, Countdown, Food for less, Flemings are some popular stores of Woolworths Group (Woolworths Group, 2016). Furthermore, separate business unit for petrol is Caltex Woolworths, in liquor BWS and Dan Murphy's, Big W in general merchandise and Masters in home improvement along with ALH Group in hotels and gambling business. Thus, the company holds the majority market sectors in Australia and deals in pretty much all goods and hospitality services from home furnishing to entertainment business (Woolworths Group, 2016). For now, the present report is focused on the grocery and food retailing sector categorised as Supermarket. Product Line and service Line Product line is the range of products that are categories in same manner such as same price range, aforesaid utility products, identical target audience, related or complementary products (Armstrong, et al., 2014). Product line helps a company to differentiate its product and to ensure the wide range of options for their customers. In case of Woolworths, product ranges from fresh food items, fruits and vegetables to ready-to-make food items with recipes, packaged food from its own brand as well as other local brands (Knox, 2015). Apart from this, the company also offers stationary items, liquor, magazines and daily products/general merchandise in its Supermarket stores. However, in case of service line it is associated with the benefits and information sharing services comprised with or without product. The company offers services like insurance, hospitality and gaming along with home furnishing. In case of supermarket the company has limited product line including loyalty schemes su ch as credit card and rewards for customers and frequent shoppers club (Kenny, 2012). The company also provides online services with home delivery facility. Business Unit Revenue Centre Revenue centres of business are the stores that monitor and analyses all the financial losses and profits of the company. In addition they are the main financial data stores that keep on watch over supply chain management and operational management simultaneously (Armstrong, et al., 2014). In Woolworths, the companies supermarket and retail sector is the core business and all revenues are generated from this business unit. Further, it is responsible for reporting all the cost allocation and recording of other profit earning business units data collection. This centre is the main financial source centre of the company that is responsible for the direct sale of products and services to the customers or third party (Armstrong, et al., 2014). As a financial highlights company has a sale of $58 B all over the year 2016 which 1.2% from the 2005. Australian food and petrol sales are recorded at $39,410m with endeavour drink group at $7,589m (Google Finance, 2017). The earning before interest and taxes are $1,760m which is 40.8% less from 2015. Thus, the result shows the continuous declining in the sales and profits of the company in Australian markets (Woolworths Group, 2016). External Environment Analysis (PESTEL Analysis) Macro environment analysis is very significant for any business as it outlines the external factors that highly influence the growth of the company. These factors can not be controlled by the company but adoption and alteration according to the competition can ensure a business growth (Lancaster and Massingham, 2010). These factors also help the company in diversify their products with their competitors while following the rules and being unique with the concept. Macro environment embraces six basic factors called as PESTEL acronym includes Political, Economical, Social, Cultural, Environmental and Legal. This analysis represents challenges related the Australian retailing and grocery markets as follows: First, Political and Legal factors- As the Australian government has a direct influence in the retailing and supermarket industry, it monitors and controls the legislation and administration of supermarket industry (Valenzuela, 2013). Laws associated with Australian competition and consumer commission (ACCC), legislating trading hours, commonwealth government, the foreign investment review board (FIRB) and the trade practice act (TPA) are some legislations that affects the supermarkets and make it risky for the new entries. Sometimes government interference and disturbance discourages the existing and new market players of this industry. Woolworths is a popular brand in Australia, functions fairly stable in the Australian market. However, losses of the business and risk are not significant (Knox, 2015). Second, technology- the company incorporates highly information technology in operating and administration its functions. It adopts new technologies with the help of global electronic marketing and merchandising network (Hutt and Speh, 2012.). Its supply chain and distribution system is also based on IT which enables company for cost cutting. Moreover, according to competition and cut- throat rivalry online facility of Woolworth is its USP; it ensures its customers flexibility and home delivery advantages. Third, economic factors such as at the time of depression and inflation it impacts the supermarket industry. Additionally, higher unemployment also influences the supermarket profitability (Foxall, 2014). Global financial crisis and other major financial influences are less shown in the Australian market. In fact Australian retail industry market is the only market which is more stable and continues with the same pace even at the lime of global recession. Thus, Woolworths is not influenced by the global segment of the economic crisis but domestic market can influence it slightly (Kenny, 2012). Forth, Social and cultural factors- in dense competitive and highly replaceable market condition, the company has adopted the trend with significant profitability. People are shifting towards healthy and fresh food plus, people are choosing more focused healthy lifestyle. The company has adopted same policies in its supermarket offering wide range of fresh and healthy products to its customers (Knox, 2015). Moreover, customers are seeking for good marketing schemes and affordability of the products, which is also being initiated by the company as loyalty scheme and various price ranges for single product according to quality respectively. Fifth, environmental factor- the company is already emphasised to use Eco-friendly products as well as involved in activities to reduce the environmental harm. It also prioritises the slumping in the wastage of natural resources such as water and coal. Further, it aims in dwindling the carbon footprints of the company. Woolworths recycles and reuse its resources to minimise the waste and creates recyclable products for its customers (Knox, 2015). The company incorporates the corporate social responsibility for the better future of next generation. Substantial Competitive Advantage and its Factors Substantial competitive advantage is referred to the unique or diversified product, approach, process or design that can not be repeated by the competitors (Richter, 2012). It helps in the survival of the company in the competitive market and from safeguards its existence from rivals. In addition, the competitive advantage is an essential part to entice customers and offer them its product in its own price to gain maximum profit (Richter, 2012). The factors that influence the substantial competitive advantage of a company are innovation in a product, information technology, managerial capacity and relation of company with its suppliers. The product innovation is very essential to grab the attention of the customer plus it reduces the competition between the products of other companies. Information technology ease and fasts the services of any company, it also provides uniqueness in the approach of the company (Proctor, 2014). Managerial capacity is the most vital element that influences the internal management for the company and appropriate response to the customers. Thus, an effective and strategic management in managerial level is very necessary to create a successful supply chain and operational flexibility. Lastly, suppliers are the core source of any products and hence, relationship with them matters for a companys longevity. Supplier with good profits and benefits supplies the good quality of material and supports the organisation even in the worst market conditions (Paley, 1999). Woolworth has a competitive advantage over its competitors in low price ranges offend by the company. The company aims to establish long term relationship with customers and provides high quality of fresh and healthy products in a single roof. To make the experience unique and different it uses many facilities such as loyalty points and credit card system. Woolworths has a very renowned name in the supermarket sectors of Australia which is itself creates competitive advantage for the company (Woolworths Group, 2016). Strategic Direction and Recommendations Strategic direction is matching and following the portfolio of the company by the strategic goals of the company (Bowersox, 2004). The company customises and modifies its functioning to match the portfolio with its strategic goals and objectives. It ensures the organisation that they are operating and function in the market as per their standards and they are persistently achieving their set aim in a reasonable time effectively (Paley, 2006). As a suggestion for future, the company should restructure its price strategy. Woolworths prices as per the standard are higher in Australia than other supermarkets. The main reason is the target market of the company that is higher earning income people and working class people only. They are maintaining the high price margin in the market that kept the price of the products expensive (Harrison and St. John, 2009). In the case of qualitative goods, they are also offering the same and homogeneous goods as other supermarkets are offering. As a long term survival, the company is failing in front of other global competitors due to higher prices and same goods (Kroenke, et al., 2013). Thus, the company is recommended to change its price strategy for longevity of the company. The prices should also be based on the competitors prices to attract wide range of customers. It has very good goodwill and sterling market share but it would not be stable for the long term. Apart from this, company should also search and approach for other major markets. It will help them to be in competition with global markets (Fresh perspectives, 2006). More ventures, acquisition, mergers and franchising are required to expand the core business of the company in new geographical reason. Moreover, the company should also keep a watch on cultural change and its adoption according to the situation. Conclusion In the end the above discussion shows the strategic aspects of Woolworths. The company is using low price strategy and aimed to provide products services for higher income earned section. The company offers wide range of products and deals in various strategic business units. The company is using Eco-friendly products and practice some activities to save natural resources of earth. Due to continuous external pressure and intense competition the company is advised to revise its price and expansion strategies. References Armstrong, G. et al. 2014. Principles of Marketing. Pearson Australia. Baack, D. W., et al. 2013. International Marketing. SAGE. Bowersox, 2004. Strategic Marketing Channel Management. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Davies, B., and Ellison, L. 2003. The New Strategic Direction and Development of the School: Key Frameworks for School Improvement Planning. 2nd ed. Routledge. Foxall, G. 2014. Strategic Marketing Management (RLE Marketing). Routledge. Fresh perspectives. 2006. Fresh Perspectives: Marketing. Pearson South Africa. Google Finance.2017.Woolworths Limited.[Online].Available at:https://www.google.com/finance?cid=670430 [Accessed on: 11 April 2017]. Harrison, J. S., and St. John, C. H. 2009. Foundations in Strategic Management. 5th ed. Cengage Learning. Hutt, M. D., and Speh, T. W. 2012. Business Marketing Management: B2B. Cengage Learning. Janet, M. et. al. 2015. Factors Influencing Competitive Advantage among Supermarkets in Kenya: A Case of Nakumatt Holdings Limited. International Journal of Novel Research in Humanity and Social Sciences. 2(3) pp. 63-77. Kenny, G. 2012. Strategic Planning and Performance Management. Routledge. Knox, M. 2015. Supermarket Monsters: The Price of Coles and Woolworths' Dominance. Black Inc. Kotler, P. et al. 2015.Marketing. 9th ed. Pearson Higher Education AU. Kroenke, D., et al. 2013. Experiencing MIS. Pearson Higher Education AU. Lamb, C. W., et al. 2011. Essentials of Marketing. 7th ed. Cengage Learning. Lancaster, G., and Massingham, L. 2010. Essentials of Marketing Management. Routledge. Paley, N. 1999. How to Develop a Strategic Marketing Plan: A Step-By-Step Guide. CRC Press. Paley, N. 2006. The Manager's Guide to Competitive Marketing Strategies. Thorogood Publishing. Proctor, T. 2014. Strategic Marketing: An Introduction . Routledge. Richter, T. 2012. International Marketing Mix Management: Theoretical Framework, Contingency Factors and Empirical Findings from World-Markets. Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. Valenzuela, F. 2013. Marketing: A Snapshot. Pearson Higher Education AU. Woolworths Group. 2016. Annual Report 2016.[Online].Available at:https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/icms_docs/185865_annual-report-2016.pdf [Accessed on: 11 April 2017]. Woolworths Group. 2016. Our Brand.[Online].Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-brands/ [Accessed on: 11 April 2017].

The eNotes Blog Stuff that Keeps Smart People Awake atNight

Stuff that Keeps Smart People Awake atNight I dont know about you, but when I  go to bed at night, my brain goes into Super Worry Overdrive. I worry about my bills, my kids, my   first drafts (like Anne Lamott, I am afraid someone will find my unedited work and will assume I have committed suicide when I realized my talent was gone). One of my favorite Tumblrs,   This Isnt Happiness,  Ã‚  recently posted a list of things very intelligent people worry about.   Spoiler Alert: Whether they can continue to continue paying for HBO is not on the list. I had to look up some of the things they worry about. Suddenly, whether my cats need therapy or not (they do) is not as pressing. Apparently, I, and you, have more troubling things to keep us on edge: The proliferation of Chinese eugenics. – Geoffrey Miller, evolutionary psychologist. Black swan events, and the fact that we continue to rely on models that have been proven fraudulent. – Nassem Nicholas Taleb That we will be unable to defeat viruses by learning to push them beyond the error catastrophe threshold. – William McEwan, molecular biology researcher That pseudoscience will gain ground. – Helena Cronin, author, philospher That the age of accelerating technology will overwhelm us with opportunities to be worried. – Dan Sperber, social and cognitive scientist Genuine apocalyptic events. The growing number of low-probability events that could lead to the total devastation of human society. – Martin Rees, former president of the Royal Society The decline in science coverage in newspapers. – Barbara Strauch, New York Times science editor Exploding stars, the eventual collapse of the Sun, and the problems with the human id that prevent us from dealing with them. - John Tooby, founder of the field of evolutionary psychology That the internet is ruining writing. – David Gelernter, Yale computer scientist That smart people- like those who contribute to Edge- won’t do politics. –Brian Eno, musician That there will be another supernova-like financial disaster. –Seth Lloyd, professor of Quantum Mechanical Engineering at MIT That search engines will become arbiters of truth. - W. Daniel Hillis,

50 Best Topics and Ideas for a Persuasive Essay

50 Best Topics and Ideas for a Persuasive Essay The goal of everyone who writes a persuasive essay is to convince readers to accept a certain point. You have to write about various ideas and prove that one of them is right, as well as others are wrong. Your arguments must be logical. Persuasive essays are somewhat similar to argumentative essays, but these two types also have many differences. For example, argumentative essays imply a discussion which may help you prove your point. Persuasive essays require you to write in details all arguments that support your point, so that readers could accept it as the only right one. No matter what topic you have, your point must be expressed clearly, and your essay must leave readers with no doubts. Usually, students get a certain topic assigned, so they dont have an advantage of choosing it themselves. On the contrary, when you can choose a topic yourself, it simplifies your task significantly, since you can do a choice in favor of the most familiar subject. At the same time, some students would rather take an assigned topic, because they are not sure what to write about. If this is exactly your case, we can help you with a list of good topics. How to Choose a Topic We already mentioned that this type of essay requires special attention paid to your particular point. Your opinion is the most important part of the paper, and its what defines the whole chain of arguments and evidence. Dont try to impress your instructor, think what seems to be your favorite topic, what you know best. At the same time, we suggest considering the audience, since such an essay must convince them. A great advantage of choosing a topic yourself is that it gives you additional motivation. Writing on your favorite topic, you will work better, paying attention to all details, and thinking about your style. Moreover, you will be involved in the process, since you want to prove a point that is really valuable to you. Check out a few useful tips that may help you choose a topic worth writing with passion: Always brainstorm ideas. Call your friends or meet with other students, and discuss as many ideas as possible. You all will profit from it, since such an approach provides you with many creative thoughts that may be used in work. Note everything that looks interesting. When you have a list of interesting ideas, you have a range to choose from, and you can sort your thoughts by priority. If you narrow your topic, it will be easier for you to write about it. Make your topic specific, and youll be able to convince your readers easily, because your point will be specific and clear. Dont forget to discuss something that you really like. Write about something that touches your emotions, because emotions are a very important tool for convincing. And last but not least: remember that providing readers with most detailed information isnt your main agenda. They have to accept your opinion, and you need as many facts as it takes. Easy Topics for Persuasive Essays Social isolation and social media. Exotic pets. Is the school schedule optimal? Should kids by soda in restaurants? Breastfeeding in public. Dependence on technologies. Criminal responsibilities of parents. Professional football: is it too dangerous? Dress code in the workplace. Athletes: are they overpaid? Controversial Topics Hunting and its role in the development of small business. Adoption by single parents. Climate change issue: is it political or scientific? Does childhood determine sexual orientation? Should euthanasia be legal? Do most people all over the world benefit from religious freedom? Whether or not Israeli-Palestinian conflict can be solved? Capital punishment: is it a crime? Certification of parents who want to have children. Is human behavior determined by genetics? Best Topics for College Essays How smartphones affect concentration? Marriage between people with the same level of education. Is online education more effective than the classical method? Girls in football and wrestling. Work and college. Are private schools better than private ones? The efficiency of grades as an indicator of how smart students are. Should foreign languages be required in universities? Homeschooling as a preparation for a university. Should we read more books? Topics for Masters Degree Essays Free healthcare. Are any things really good or evil? Should the internet be free? Helping others: can it make you happy? Should smokers pay special taxes? Do young women receive negative signals from magazine advertisements? An impact of TV violence on people. The right for euthanasia for people with terminal illnesses. Is current driving age optimal? What role model celebrities show kids? Still Have Problems? Get Our Help! Choosing a topic may be not the only problem for you. If it looks like you never will write a really good essay, we suggest relying on our professional team of graduated experts. We will write your essay fast and good, and we always care about every client!

Unit 6 Case Management Seminar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 6 Case Management Seminar - Research Paper Example 279), which may be performed by Case Managers. Thus, it is imperative for Case Managers to know how to complete a provisional DSM Diagnosis. A social history is an accurate account of the client’s family and societal background, educational level, whether special assistance was required in the past, information regarding alcohol or drug abuse or any legal problems associated with the client. The Mental Status Examination (MSE) forms an integral part of the social history, capturing subtle visual and verbal attributes of the client. It involves observations based on our client’s general appearance, cognitive functioning, behavior intelligence, thought process and content, reality testing, affect, suicidal or homicidal ideation, impulse control, judgment and insight. As described in the text, it is useful in Case management by helping clinicians understand what has been going on with the client between sessions and to determine the best course to follow with each individual† (Ch. 18, p. 314). Case Managers are required to assess the client’s environment in order to understand their specific needs and goals. Our author mentions, â€Å"Sometimes you will be asked to go to someone’s home to do an assessment or to do an interview. People’s surroundings often hold clues to the way they are currently structuring their lives.† (Ch. 18, p.313). Case Managers need to carefully assess the appropriateness of the surroundings after proper inquiry, to order to judge the client’s needs. Importantly, Case managers must look at the way the person keeps his home. Our author rightly adds that â€Å"this tells something about the person’s capacity to attend to the routine details of living, or it may indicate a debilitating mental illness, such as hoarding† (Ch. 18, p.313). Thus, an ecological perspective helps understand the client’s needs and accordingly define

Pricing and Quality Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pricing and Quality - Assignment Example g them to provide a top quality healthcare service, our healthcare organization can benefit as it fulfills the ultimate objective of a patient which is none other than obtaining a quality healthcare service and we are here to provide that quality service to every patient. There are different justifications for negotiating the rates with the managed care organizations such that a long term relation with those managed care organizations can ensured in future, assurance of charging high price from the customer but expecting an exchange of providing the top quality service from the managed care organization to the patients, ensuring the managed care organization to increase their share in the profits in the future if they kept providing higher quality services to both the healthcare organization as well as to the patients. As the healthcare organization is in its early stage therefore in order to make an impact upon the patients, initially higher quality of healthcare must be provided to them even at a lower cost, but as the healthcare organization will be gaining more popularity, the price charged from the patients can be

Issues of Multinational Corporations

Issues of Multinational Corporations In todays global world, there have increasing trends of international geographic diversification which can be define as a business expansion across the borders of global regions into different geographic location with many subsidiaries in a large numbers of countries- Multinational Corporations (MNCs). MNCs have taken on an increasing role and become the key component in the world economy as a whole and in globalization of market. International business scholars have argued that international diversification is vital because it is based on exploiting imperfections and foreign market opportunities through internalization (Rugman, 1979, 1981). Today global was become more challenges; as a result, many multinational companies (MNCs) seek to expand their business in the international geographic region through aggressively establishing subsidiaries and direct foreign investment to increase the return and lower the risk as well as enhance the value of shareholders equity By looking at the past and more recent survey, it seems that the number of MNCs that are bases in Malaysia have increased significantly over the year (Bala UNCTAD, 1999; Annuar et al., 1996 and Heenan Keegan, 1979). Bala (1999) points out as of 1997; half of the firm that is listed on KLSE is MNCs. This mean over the year to year, Malaysia has increased on the international diversification. Many MNCs from developing countries such as Malaysia also build up their operation in oversea. For example, the company in Malaysia that operates abroad is PETRONAS and IOI. Have MNCs or international diversification really bring benefits to the business. As shown by David and Qian (1997), firms anticipate positive returns on the foreign investments or else they will not involve in the activities. Therefore if the previous performance of Malaysia MNCs on investments overseas is good, it will encourage more of such investments. However, MNCs is also exposure to some international risk that firm must pay more attention. Those risks are exchange rate movement exposure foreign economy exposure and political risk exposure. Problem Statement This study focuses on Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in Malaysia that listed in the KLSE. In previously discussion, some of the researchers found that international geographic diversification by MNCs will bring benefits to company. However, sometime MNCs may contribute less and no significant effect through international geographic diversification. Firm seeks to invest in foreign country due to many factors. Isnt international geographic diversification will bring benefits to the firm? If foreign investment no brings any advantages to the firm, no points to firm diversify in outside country. This study will focuses on the impact of diversify in other geographic region. Furthermore, a lot of researchers are most likely to look at outside country perspective compare to look at Malaysia perspective on MNCs. In Malaysia, more researchers are seldom focuses on analyze the impact of Malaysia MNCs to the risk and return performance. That is a reason for this study to analyze the influence of MNC in Malaysia risk and return performance. Objective This study is to determine the impact of international diversification on Malaysias risk and return performance. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Define of MNC Multinational Corporations (MNCs) is a corporation that has operation and production of fixed assets or other facilities in at least one overseas country and makes its major management decisions in a global context. Sometimes it also called as transnational corporation (Vernon, 1971). According to the Eun Resnick (2004), multinational corporation (MNC) is a business firm incorporated in one country that has sales operations and production in several other countries those in abroad countries. This mean a firm obtains the raw materials from one geographic market from other, after that, produces the goods with capital equipment in third country, and finally sell the finished product in other international markets. Furthermore, according to Dunning (1993), a multinational corporation is an enterprise that engages in activities such as foreign direct investment (FDI) and owns or controls value adding in more than one country. 2.2 The Advantage and disadvantage of MNC There have some advantages of MNCs. An increasing of the geographic scope of operation may enhance a firms ability to coordinate or share its international geographic activities (Kimet al. 1989, Qian 1997). It enables a firm to realize about the economies of scale and scope (Caves, 1996). For example, firm can get cheaper labor in certain countries compared with their parent company and used technology to reduce costs. It helps it to diminish fluctuations in profit by spreading its investment risks over other different countries (Kim, Hwang, Burgers, 1993). It helps reduce costs and increase revenues by enhance a firms market power over its distributors, suppliers and customers (Kogut, 1985). Although these are the major exploitation benefits of MNCs, the initial impetus to a firms internationalization comes from the opportunity to exploit market imperfections in the cross-border use of its intangible assets (Caves, 1971). A firm can gain above-normal returns by exploiting its firm-specific assets, especially intangible ones, in international markets (Buckley, 1988). Recently, scholars have drawn attention to the exploration benefits of internationalization using an organizational learning perspective. This perspective emphasizes that a firms subsidiaries in disparate host countries can help to enhance its knowledge base, capabilities, and competitiveness through experiential learning (Barkema and Vermeulen, 1998; Delios and Henisz, 2000; Zahra, Ireland and Hitt, 2000). In addition, each host country has its own unique resource endowments and location specific advantages, which might not be available in the home country. Such host country specific advantages can motivate a firm to establish subsidiaries there to explore these advantages and augment its competitiveness in both its home and host markets (Kogut Chang, 1991). Finally, Technology transfer can in turn generate significant positive externalities with wider implications for development (Graham , 1996).In Malaysia, for example, Motorola Malaysia transferred the technology required to produce a particular type of printed circuit board to a Malaysian firm, which then developed the capacity to produce these circuit boards on its own (Moran, 1999). Nevertheless, these have some disadvantages of MNCs. When making a foreign investment, a firms managers contend with many challenges related to a new operation, such as purchasing and installing facilities, staffing, and establishing internal management systems and external business networks. These challenges can put a new subsidiary in a disadvantageous position, as compared to an established firm in the target market, and can decrease its competitiveness. These liabilities, however, tend to decrease as a firms subsidiaries build and improve reputations and legitimacy in the host country in which they operate (Barkema, Bell, Pennings, 1996). Challenges can be experienced by any new subsidiary, but there are difficulties specific to new subsidiaries established in foreign countries. A foreign subsidiary has a liability of foreignness (Hymer, 1976) that can lead to it having higher costs because it cannot conduct business activities as effectively as a local firm. Being foreign means mistakes in various business decisions are more likely (Barkema Vermeulen, 1998; Vermeulen Barkema, 2002). Hoskisson and Turk (1990) argued that internal capital markets have governance and control limits. Markides (1992, 1995) reported value creation from corporate refocusing for firms in the 1980-88 periods. Bergh and Lawless (1998) found in a panel of 164 Fortune 500 firms that there were limits in the efficiency of hierarchical governance and that environmental uncertainty heightened its costs. Many of the costs associated with product diversification such as coordination difficulties, information asymmetry, and incentive misalignment between headquarters and divisional managers in multidivisional firms can be also manifest in multinational enterprises between headquarters and subsidiary managers (Denis et al., 2002; Harris, Kriebel, Raviv, 1982). As the number of internal transactions increases with the number of foreign subsidiaries established by a firm, governance costs can rise rapidly to a point at which the governance costs exceed any internalization benefits (Hitt et al., 1997; Tallman Li, 1996). The governance costs and coordination costs associated with increasing multinationality are compounded if these increases take place by a firms expanding the number of host countries in which it operates. 2.3 Background of Malaysia MNCs According to Madura (2000), there have three form of foreign investment which are acquisitions of existing companies in foreign countries, a joint venture with companies in foreign countries and opening up a companys subsidiary in foreign countries. Companies that conduct any of above form of investment are known as MNCs. Bala (1999) conducted a survey of foreign investments conducted by firms listed at KLSE in orger to identify MNCs originating from Malaysia. From 436 listed firm (as at October 1997), he discovers that 207 firms are actively involved in foreign investment activities and they can be considers as MNCs. In the survey, it was also discovered that 17 companies have more than 20 ongoing foreign investment projects in various countries. Top of the list is Sime Darby with 110 ongoing foreign investment activities spanning in 19 countries (Bala, 1999). As a result, we known Malaysia has highly engages in foreign investment. Above table show the companies in Malaysia that have diversify in foreign country in year 2008. The higher the diversification the lower the risk is. For example, Tanjong PLC has higher diversification which is 2.3667 and has a lower risk which is 1.691 for standard deviation ROA and 1.762 for standard deviation ROE. In contrast, Ireka Corp Bhd has lower diversification which is 0.6931 will has a relative higher risk in which 10.411 for standard deviation ROA and 33.472 for standard deviation ROE. Above table show the companies in Malaysia that have diversify in foreign country in year 2009. The higher the diversification the lower the risk is. For example, Insas Bhd has higher diversification which is 1.3778 and has a lower risk which is 2.009 for standard deviation ROA and 2.990 for standard deviation ROE. In contrast, Selangor Dredging Bhd has lower diversification which is 0.5004 will has a relative higher risk in which 3.835 for standard deviation ROA and 8.024 for standard deviation ROE as compare with Insas Bhd. 2.4 Evidence of Effect on International Diversification on Firm Performance As shown in many studies, the results towards international diversification were uncertainty. Some studies showed benefits of a business by diversification and sometime, some researchers showed that was no benefit on international diversification . In addition, Kim et al. (1989) argue that the firm has more subsidiaries in outside country, its opportunities to leverage strategic resources is greater while simultaneously diversifying market risks, thus raising its performance. As a result, many firms seek to get this benefits by diversify in overseas. One of the studies found that horizontal S-curve between geographic diversification and firms performance (Lu and Beamish, 2004). This mean which at first showed an increasing internationalization and the performance is decline, followed by a positive relationship between increasing firm performance and geographic diversification, and after that declined at very high levels of multinationality. This relationship in turn was moderated by intangible asset advantages that accrued with expansion of the geographic scope of a firm. Firms achieved higher returns to geographic expansion by strong technology or advertising asset advantages. However, there are also some arguments showed the result is negative effects and no relationship of firms international geographic diversification negative relationship. Denis, Denis Yost (2002) and Geringer, Tallman, Olsen (2000) found a negative relationship between geographic diversification and firms performance. It mean that diversification on overseas doesnt result in high return or lower risk to the firms. Furthermore, some studies (Hitt et al., 1997; Gomes and Ramaswamy, 1999; Capar and Kotabe, 2003) found an inverted-U relationship between the extent of geographic spread and performance. Kumar (1984) and Yoshihara (1985) found that there is no significant relationship between diversification and firms performance. Many researchers have different result on whether MNCs gain benefits to the firms performance. Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Collection The data of MNCs is collect from the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) and obtain by using the source like internet. From the KLSE, we have chosen 27 companies annual report in which fourteen MNCs in year 2008 and thirteen MNCs in year 2009 that all is listed at KLSE. After find the annual report of each company, we calculate the subsidiaries of each company that incorporated in foreign country that outside Malaysia. Furthermore, we also calculate the ROA and ROE in year 2008 and 2009 for each company toward annual reports. We use Microsoft Excel to calculate our data such as ROA, ROE, and Standard Deviation. 3.2 Measurement of International Diversification During last decades, the measurements of the firm diversification seem to have significantly increased. Entropy is one of the methods which have remained use for over two decades (Sankaran P. Raghunathan, 1995). Recently, the entropy measure has been found to enjoy more validity than the other measures of firms diversification (Hoskisson, Hitt, Johnson Moesel, 1993). International diversification is calculated as the entropy of each firms relative to the country or region holdings: D= Siloge (1/S) Where D is diversification, Si is the ratio of a firms holdings (number of subsidiaries) in the country or region i to the total number of foreign subsidiaries. According to the market imperfection and transaction costs theories, the ability of a firm to earn profits upon its intangible assets and to minimize its costs of managing is affected by differences and similarities between the countries in which it was operated (Vachani, 1991). The relevant geographic units have close similarities in fluctuation of demand; external restriction and pattern of general economic conditions. Five geographic region are use to measure international diversification. These market areas are Asia, America, Europe, Asian and other ocean. These five international regions provide with the basic for geographic specification. Each of the firm is assigned a value in term of both the number of its subsidiaries in each region and the number of geographic regions in which it is involved. 3.3 Measurement of Performance Many researchers prefer accounting variables as performance measures such as return on equity (ROE) and return on assets (ROA), along with their variability as measures of risk (Anil M. Pandya and Narendar V. Rao, 1998). Return on total asset (ROA). This is the most frequently used performance measure in previous studies of diversification (Pandya and Rao, 1998). ROA is defined as the ratio of net income (income available to common stockholders) to the book value of total assets it is expressed as: Return on Equity (ROE). This is the ratio of net income (income available to common stockholders) to stockholders equity. It is a measure of company performance from the viewpoint of shareholders. It is essential in the calculation of the ROE to use the profit for ordinary shareholders, which is the profit after tax and after interest charges (Weetman, 2003). It is expressed as: 3.4 Measurement of Profit and Risk In addition to these financial measures, the risk profile of the different diversification groups was also compared. This was achieved by computing the variability and risk per unit of return of the financial ratios. Variability could be measured by the standard deviation while risk per unit of return measured by the coefficient of variation (CV; Pandya and Rao, 1998). The CV is the ratio of the standard deviation to the arithmetic mean. It is expressed as (Frankfort-Nachmias and Nachmias, 1992): Where SD is standard deviation and is arithmetic mean.

Childhood Essay

Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth- 19 years. Children develop at different rates and their progress can be measured and tracked in a variety of ways. Although every child develops at different rates the sequence will follow a pattern. This is because children will often acquire one skill before being able to move on to the next. In early years children’s sequential development can be measured against the Early Years Foundation Stage. The different aspects of development they are measured on are Physical, Communication, Intellectual/cognitive, moral, social, emotional and behavioural. Children’s Physical abilities usually develop very rapidly in the early days as they grow from a baby to a toddler. By six months of age a baby’s muscles will have developed enough to reach out and hold objects and begin exploring the world around them. They will enjoy responding to adult facial expressions and may still be shy with strangers. By the age of one a child will begin crawling and using furniture and adults for support in standing. They will be able to sit independently and become more co-ordinated with their hands. A child may have developed their first teeth and solid food will be introduced to their diet. They will begin to understand more words and respond to their name when called and may become anxious when separated from parents or carers. Jealousy of others may become apparent and they enjoy imitating actions they are shown. Between the age of one and two a child will begin walking and mark making will be explored. A child may shake their head to mean ‘no’ and they will begin to understand more words that are spoken to them. Between the ages of two and three scribbles will evolve as children start to experiment more with pencils and pens. A child will be able to throw and kick balls and build towers with blocks. Speech will have developed into longer sentences and questions will be constantly asked as they become more inquisitive. From three to four years of age children will begin to use pitch and tone in singing and their vocabulary will continue to increase. They will enjoy sorting objects into shape, colour and size and will be able to follow simple instructions. Children’s independence will continue to increase as they enjoy running, jumping, skipping and hopping. Children will now assist in dressing and undressing. From four to five years of age children’s questions become more inquisitive and their grammar more accurate. They will be able to hold pencils and pens more correctly and copy shapes and letters and draw people. Routine is very important and they will enjoy being given increasing responsibility. At six and seven years children will be able to dress unassisted and they will be ever more confident in their abilities to run, skip and hop. They may be able to do up buttons and remember events. A child will be able to hold a conversation as well as recognise sounds, words and letters. Beyond these years and heading into adolescence children will develop physically at varying rates. Children will go through puberty at very different rates. Children’s and Young People’s language and vocabulary through adolescence are greatly aided by the adults around them. From the age of seven and onwards children may begin to read aloud confidently and have an increasing knowledge of grammar and tenses. During teenage years vocabulary skills and humour will be developing in a more complex way. The use of sarcasm may be introduced. The skills to argue and debate will also progress. Teenagers will become increasingly confident in their own thoughts and ideas, however may still need reassurance as they become an adult. They will develop strong friendships and discover the opposite sex. Although Children may reach these aspects at different times and stages in their life, the same sequence will be followed. This means that a pattern of development is followed. For example, a child must learn to walk before they can develop the ability to run. 1. 2- Explain the difference between sequence of development and rate of development and why the difference is important The difference in the sequence and rate of development is important as they are used to measure a child’s development. It enables Early Years providers to monitor and track a child’s development and identify any concerns. It also allows the provider to plan at the right time for specific children. The sequence of development is the order in which a child develops. This can be different in each child. One child may begin to do things before another and skip a step in the sequence while another child may follow each step in the sequence exactly. Rate of develop is the speed in which a child develops. This can also vary from child to child as one child as one child may start doing things earlier than others. It is vital to know the difference between sequence of development and the rate of development as it helps professionals in identifying the individual needs of a child. It helps practitioners recognise where there may be special education needs and additional support required. Outcome 2Understand the factors that influence children and young people’s development and how these affect practice 2. 1- Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors. Various factors contribute to a child or young person’s development. Personal factors can include Health Problems. A child’s development begins in the Mother’s womb and can be hindered by a Mother’s drug taking or excessive alcohol consumption. It can result in premature birth and a low birth weight which consequently has an ongoing effect on the Child’s development. If a child is born with impairment such as hearing loss then this will affect their social skills and their ability to communicate. Socialising is a very important contributing factor to a child and young person’s development as children learn from each other. Learning difficulties can affect a child’s development of social skills. Children with learning difficulties will need extra support in certain areas of learning as they may become frustrated and lose confidence. A disability develops through genes. Therefore this can be a personal factor in a child and young person’s development. Physical impairments because of a disability can present social issues and different aspects of the disability can physically restrict and impair a person. 2. 2-Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of external factors. As well as personal factors, there are a number of external factors which contribute to a child and young person’s development. Poverty and deprivation can mean that a child’s life chances can often be reduced. This is especially true in other, less affluent countries where children may not have access to an education or healthcare. Family environment and background can strongly influence a child’s development. Children may not receive much support from their parents or carers and the Family may have different priorities than education for example. Personal choices can go on to affect a child and young person’s development throughout their life. If a child chooses to leave school early then this will affect their career prospects and life chances. If a young person chooses to do drugs then this will go on to affect them socially and in regards to their health. If an individual has been a ‘looked after’ Child or in care then this may be a factor in their development. Many ‘looked after’ children are moved around frequently and this can have a negative effect on their education and may cause attachment issues in childhood and throughout life. Education itself can be an external influence in an individual’s development. If a child has not attended Nursery in their Early Years then they may be held back once they begin school. The child may have learning difficulties which have not yet been identified. Explain how theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice. Theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice in various ways. Cognitive development, a theory developed by Jean Piagent, suggests that children prior to seven years of age judge their good and bad actions on the consequences of them. Children after the age of seven then begin to judge their actions on their intentions. Piagent’s theory also suggests that children’s development is sequential and that a child cannot run before they can walk, so to speak. This theory heavily influences current practice as the development of children less than five years is measured against the Early Years Foundation Stage, which recognises that the milestones which children reach may be at different times in their life but will follow the familiar pattern. Psychoanalytical Development is a theory formulated by Sigmund Freud. The theory proposes that unconscious thoughts, feelings, emotions and experiences can influence a person’s actions and that past experiences can influence and shape an individual’s future. This underlines a child’s impulses and actions. This theory influences every day practice and is demonstrated by having patience and encouraging children to share and take turns. A child must be supported in reasonable risk taking and motivation. A child must learn the skills to negotiate. This can be achieved through conflict resolution and by challenging the child’s behaviour. Abraham Maslow explained through his Humanist theory of development that individuals choices are influenced by their own perception of their experiences and that a person is able to choose their behaviour, it is not an instinctual reaction to your environment. Self-esteem, self-fulfilment and an individual’s needs are of primary importance and a person’s basic needs must be met in order to attain these. Maslow developed the ‘Hierarchy of Need’ which is utilised in current practice to measure a child’s personal development. Maslow put forward that a person’s basic needs must be met before they can achieve self-actualisation and realise their own personal potential. Albert Bandura’s theory of Social Learning advocates that children learn from others through observation and imitation. There are three aspects to this theory and these are that children learn through observation, that a child’s internal mental state is a factor and that even if a child learns something it does not mean that a child will use that learned behaviour. Bandura’s theory has had an influence on current practice as it put forward the idea that learning does not change behaviour and in order to do so both Families and Professionals need to be part of the process. It is widely understood that Parents and Teachers should be positive role models in a child and young person’s life. Burrhus Frederic Skinner’s theory of Operant Conditioning supports the concept of ‘the mind’ and that it is more productive to learn from observed behaviour than to develop from your own internal mental experience. Skinner believed that the best way to understand an individual’s behaviour is to consider the cause and effect. B. F. Skinner’s theory of Operant Conditioning was largely based on Edward Lee Thorndike’s ‘Law of Effect’ theory. Thorndike’s theory was founded through studying learned behaviour in animals. Skinner believed that reinforcement was the key to repeated behaviour and that behaviour that is encouraged will be replicated as opposed to behaviour which is not reinforced being extinguished. Operant conditioning is a theory which supports the fact that behaviour may be changed through reinforcement. This theory is demonstrated in current practice by the use of reward charts. By negatively reinforcing behaviour a child may not repeat the action so as to remove the unpleasant experience. Behaviourist theory was formulated by John B. Watson who believed that children have three main motives being fear, rage and love and the theory deals only with observable behaviour. Development is considered a reaction to given rewards and punishments. Behaviourist theory is set apart from other theories in the fact that it does not deal with internal thoughts or theories. Because of this many critics argue that Behaviourism is one dimensional and does not account for other types of learning. However, it is an effective tool in measuring a child’s behaviour and tracking their development. Although Behaviourism is widely criticised it is still a widely used notion in teaching and encouraging positive behaviour and discouraging negative behaviour. Social Pedagogy is a framework in place to support development and enforce humanistic behaviour such as respect for others, trust and equality. It promotes the development of children in areas such as emotions and feelings, intellect, and physical capability. It encourages sustained wellbeing and health, self-empowerment, to take responsibility for one’s own actions and to promote human welfare and ease social problems. This Framework supports development of children and is increasingly associated with Community and Social Work. It upholds Equality, Diversity and Inclusive practice and is enforced by looking at the child as a whole and supporting their overall development. Outcome 3Understand how to monitor children and young people’s development and interventions that should take place if this is not following the expected pattern 3. 1- Explain how to monitor children and young people’s development using different methods. There are various methods and ways of monitoring and tracking children and young people’s development. A key system is session planning and evaluation which enables practitioners to reflect on a session and introduce scaffolded learning to meet a child’s developmental needs. Assessment Frameworks within education are in the form of SATS and GCSE exams. These exams measure a child’s ability to retain information. If a child is believed to have additional needs then a Common Assessment Framework can be completed to identify a child or young person’s educational, emotional and developmental needs. In their Early Years, children undergo regular health checks to ensure their physical development is progressing at the expected rate. The Early Years Foundation Stage is used to measure children’s milestones. Through observation it can be discerned if a child is not meeting the expected pattern of development. This should be relayed to the parent or carer and discussed to ascertain if there are any concerns at home. It is best practice to share information with other professionals, colleagues and parents and carers to ensure that all information and facts are collated and everyone is concerned with the overall development of a child or young person. 3. Explain the reasons why children and young people’s development may not follow the expected pattern There are a range of reasons why children and young people’s development may not follow the expected pattern. Factors such as disability can affect various areas of development but early intervention and support can aid in a child’s development. Positive emotional development occurs when a child receives routine and structure and feels settled. Attachment issues can cause low self-esteem and motivation in children and young people and so this may hinder them in trying new things and risk taking. Physical development can be effected due to genetics. A child may be a slow learner or have problems with physical growth. This can also affect social development. Socially a child or young person’s development may not follow an expected pattern if parents and carers do not make time or prioritise interactive play with their children. An environment can result in a child’s development being affected. If a person is born into poverty then they may not have access to opportunities and education and so life chances are reduced. Culture can also play a part as the ways in which a child is brought up differs around the world. Other cultures may have different expectations or restrictions on a child. Learning difficulties may shape a person’s development pattern as they may not be identified early on in a child’s life. This may therefore hold them back. Children who have speech problems or find it difficult to read and write will find it arduous and frustrating to communicate with others. 3. 3-Explain how disability may affect development Disability can affect development in a number of ways. Learning and social development can be affected by a number of disabilities and a child may be faced with prejudice and discrimination. Learning disabilities which can affect development can include Autism, which affects an individual’s communication and interaction with others and the world around them. Autism can lead a person to feel isolated and alone and an individual may find it hard to read facial expressions and tone of voice. Dyslexia can create development issues in relation to reading and writing. If Dyslexia is undetected in childhood then this can affect a child’s self fulfilment. Children may become angry and detached and may have difficulty attending school. This in turn will affect their education and learning development. Physical disabilities such as Cerebral Palsy affect movement and posture and co-ordination. Some individuals who suffer from this particular disability can suffer from seizures and difficulty in reading and writing. 3. 4-Explain how different types of interventions can promote positive outcomes for children and young people where development is not following the expected pattern. Different types of intervention can promote positive outcomes for children and young people where development is not following the expected pattern. Social Workers are in place to help and safeguard vulnerable children and their families through Child In Need and Child Protection Plans. Speech and Language Therapists can assess and work with children and young people who have speech difficulties. The earlier the difficulty is identified the less the impact on the child’s life. Children who have behaviour and learning difficulties may be supported by a Psychologist. Once the child’s needs have been ascertained support plans can be put in place at home and within education. Psychiatrists is specialised in treating people with Mental Health issues and works alongside other professionals in supporting individuals with such issues. Youth Justice and Youth Workers work alongside Social Care in supporting young people with behavioural problems. Physiotherapists aid children in their physical development where they have restricted or little movement capability. They facilitate them in gaining the maximum movement possible. Specialist Nurses provide support to families of children with disabilities and in need of specialist medical care. Additional learning support is available to children who have specialist educational needs. Assistive technology can further aid those with learning and physical development issues. This technology can play to a child or young person’s strengths and can encourage and motivate them within their capabilities. Health Visitors are often the earliest intervention in a child’s life and the first to ascertain if development is not following the expected pattern. Regular visits from Health will ensure that the child’s development is monitored closely and any concerns are raised early on. Outcome 4Understand the importance of early intervention to support the speech, language and communication needs of children and young people. 4. 1- Analyse the importance of early identification of speech, language and communication delays and disorders and the potential risks of late recognition. Our speech, language and communication capabilities relate to how we interact and relate to others. It allows us to socialise and educate ourselves. If a child is identified as having speech, language and communication needs then it is often referred to as SLCN in short. If a child’s SLCN’s are not identified during their early years it may affect their early education and relationships in school. A child may be bullied or their own confidence issues may hold them back from interacting with others. If a child has a hearing or speech impediment then other forms of communication must be evolved and access to the appropriate support must be provided. There are many risks of late recognition regarding speech, language and communication needs. If they are not recognised early on then it can continue to result in problems with self-esteem, learning difficulties, a person feeling isolated and becoming withdrawn, anti social behaviour and an inability to express themselves effectively and a child or young person not fulfilling their full potential. 4. 2-Explain how multi agency teams work together to support speech, language and communication. Practitioners have an obligation to identify children’s needs and refer them into the right support to aid in their development. Multi agency teams work together to support SLCNs by meeting and discussing available support for the child. By multi agencies meeting together it allows all channels of support to be identified at once and discuss what each agency can provide. Minutes are taken at these meetings which allow all agencies to have up to date information and work together to achieve a common goal. 4. 3-Explain how play and activities are used to support the development of speech, language and communication. Children learn through play and different activities can support the development of speech, language and communication. This allows different language to be used within a context the child can enjoy. The activity should be themed on something a child enjoys doing to encourage interest and engagement. Instruments and shapes can lead into describing words and sensory experiences. Puppets can encourage children to talk and interact in dramatic play which allows children to express emotions and develop language. Outcome 5Understand the potential effects of transitions on children and young people’s development 5. Explain how different types of transitions can affect children and young people’s development. A child and young person may go through several types of transition during their development. Emotional transitions occur when a person’s emotional state is altered for some reason. It can occur when a child experiences bereavement, misses a parent/carer or begins or leaves care. A child experiencing an emotional transition may have angry outbursts if they are too young or incapable of expressing themselves in words. A child may experience physical transition when beginning or leaving a school or moving home and perhaps when shifting from one activity to another. It may result in a child becoming anxious and unable to interact with others. Physiological transition takes place when a child goes through puberty or develops a long-term medical condition. A young person may lose confidence and feel uncomfortable meeting new people or experiencing new situations as they develop physically and become an adult. Intellectual transition is when a child progresses from pre-school to primary school, for example. New faces and environments can impact on a child’s ability to feel comfortable and may make the child feel anxious and lose confidence. 5. 2-Evaluate the effect on children and young people of having positive relationships during periods of transition. Positive relationships are highly important to a person’s development and wellbeing. Positive relationships promote consistency and resilience in a child and young person. Good support can come from Parents, Carers, Siblings and extended family, Social Workers, Health Professionals, teachers and tutors. These affiliations will mean that a child or young person is more likely to achieve academic targets and build strong social links. A child will feel more loved and valued and be more prepared for future transitions. Positive relationships also mean that a child or young person’s needs and requirements are more liable to be identified and provided for. A child’s welfare can be monitored more effectively and plans for children’s development and education can be more effective in their outcomes.